Social media sites are transforming not only the daily lives of consumers, but also how companies interact with consumers. Here at Morrison Foerster, across all of our practice groups, we are seeing complex, cutting-edge legal issues arising out of social media. As with the Internet boom during the mid-to-late 1990s, social media is generating new legal questions at a far faster pace than the law’s ability to provide answers to such questions. In an effort to stay on top of these emerging issues, and to keep our clients and friends informed of new developments, Morrison Foerster publishes this blog devoted to the law and business of social media.<h2>ABOUT MORRISON FOERSTER</h2>Morrison Foerster is a leading global law firm that transforms complexity into advantage for its clients. Our clients include some of the largest financial institutions, banks, consulting and accounting firms, and Fortune 100, technology, and life sciences companies. Highlighting the firm’s commitment to client service, leadership in market-changing deals and impact litigation, and values-based culture, Morrison Foerster has been repeatedly recognized as one of the top 10 firms on The American Lawyer’s A-List. Year after year, the firm receives significant recognition from Chambers and The Legal 500 across their various guides, including Global, USA, Asia‑Pacific, Europe, UK, Latin America, and FinTech Legal. Our lawyers passionately care about delivering legal excellence while living our values. Morrison Foerster has a long-standing commitment to creating a culture that respects and celebrates differences, while providing an inclusive environment. The firm has achieved Mansfield Certification Plus since 2018 as a result of successfully reaching at least 30 percent women, communities of color, and LGBTQ+ lawyer representation in a notable number of current leadership roles and committees. The firm also has a long history of commitment to the community and society through providing pro bono legal services, including litigating for civil rights and civil liberties, improving public education and fostering the wellbeing of children, advocating for veterans, promoting international human rights, enforcing the right to asylum, and safeguarding the environment.

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Aaron is the chair of the firm’s Technology Transactions Group and co-chair of the Interactive + Digital Media Group. He advises clients on a wide range of complex transactions involving intellectual property and technology, including structuring and negotiating strategic licensing, development, collaboration, procurement, and distribution deals.Aaron’s practice focuses on advising both established and emerging companies in a variety of data- and technology-intensive sectors, including software, SaaS, cloud-based technology, digital media (social media, AR/VR, gaming, streaming media, AdTech), AI, healthcare, consumer electronics, e-commerce, other online business models, and mobile applications. He also maintains an active practice counseling companies on branding and marketing, trademark licensing, and content-related transactions, as well as the intellectual property aspects of mergers, acquisitions, asset spin-offs, and private equity investments.He has represented clients such as Autodesk, Meta, OpenAI, Splunk, Konami, Kaiser Permanente, SoftBank, Visa, and Yahoo, among others.Aaron has been recognized by numerous publications for his work on market-defining technology transactions. He is currently ranked by Chambers USA for “Technology Transactions.”Aaron also serves as co-editor of Socially Aware, the firm’s award-winning newsletter and blog devoted to the law and business of social media, and regularly publishes on various IP and technology-related topics. Aaron is also a sought-after speaker on new and emerging areas of law, and is a frequent presenter and panelist at conferences and legal services programs. In addition to his active practice, Aaron regularly provides pro bono assistance to various nonprofit and charitable organizations such as Common Sense Media and the Starlight Children’s Foundation. He is a member of the board of directors of California Lawyers for the Arts.While in law school at the University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law, Aaron served as executive editor of the California Law Review and was elected to the Order of the Coif. Following law school, Aaron served as law clerk to the Honorable William H. Orrick and the Honorable Martin J. Jenkins, both United States District Judges for the Northern District of California.

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Aaron is the chair of our Technology Transactions Group. He advises clients on a wide range of complex transactions involving intellectual property and technology, including structuring and negotiating strategic licensing, development, collaboration, procurement, and distribution deals. Aaron’s practice focuses on advising both established and emerging companies in a variety of data– and technology–intensive sectors, including software, SaaS, cloud computing, AR/VR, AI, gaming, healthcare, consumer electronics, social media, e–commerce, other online business models, and mobile applications. He also maintains an active practice counseling companies on the intellectual property aspects of mergers, acquisitions, asset spin–offs, and private equity investments.

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Lawrence Gallick is of counsel in the firm’s Austin office and a member of the Technology Transactions Group.Lawrence focuses his practice on technology transactions and licensing matters. His diverse experience includes advising on SaaS agreements, cross-licensing agreements, research and collaboration agreements, development agreements, and distribution agreements. He counsels a broad range of companies across the software, hardware, life sciences, biotech and FinTech spaces, as well as other entities including universities.He advises clients in connection with general corporate matters including contract negotiations, and leasing and technology placement agreements.Lawrence also serves as co-editor of <a href="https://www.sociallyawareblog.com/" target="_blank">Socially Aware</a>, the firm’s award-winning newsletter and blog devoted to the law and business of social media, and regularly publishes on various IP and technology-related topics.Prior to joining the firm, Lawrence was counsel at another major law firm. Before earning his law degree, Lawrence was a web consultant, project manager, and web developer in Portland, Oregon, where he managed and consulted on projects using industry methodologies and performed custom development and integration of content management systems.Lawrence was named a Super Lawyers “Rising Star” in 2015 and 2018–2022, and is licensed in both California and New York. Lawrence earned his J.D. from the University at Buffalo School of Law, where he was the electronic systems editor for the Buffalo Law Review and awarded the ABA-BNA Award for Excellence in the Study of Intellectual Property Law.

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Anthony Ramirez is a partner in the Technology Transactions Group in the New York office of Morrison Foerster.Anthony advises clients on general commercial and transactional matters. He regularly advises companies on the IP aspects of their M&A transactions. His clients include technology, digital media and content for television and music, financial services, and communications companies with diverse intellectual property assets and issues.His practice focuses on the legal aspects of developing, licensing, and commercializing technology and intellectual property, as well as negotiating general commercial contracts, including outsourcing transactions, as well as content and data licenses. He regularly assists clients with legal issues relating to licensing and commercialization of digital media and content, digital content that is distributed over the Internet or streamed, mobile applications and social media, as well as the licensing of recorded music for distribution via digital platforms. Anthony is also experienced with issues relating to open-source software, software development, artificial intelligence and machine learning, cloud-based technology, and protection of proprietary information.Anthony has extensive experience working on matters involving disruptive technologies, such as blockchain. He has helped fintech clients with general intellectual property issues in connection with terms of service for online financial products and services.Anthony is an integral part of the outside pro bono legal team for nonprofit organizations based in New York, including advising clients on legal issues regarding entertainment, social media, privacy rights, and the negotiation of outsourcing and service agreements. Anthony received his J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School in 2009. He received his B.S. from Cornell University in 2004.

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Anthony Ramirez is a partner in the Technology Transactions Group in the New York office of Morrison Foerster. He advises clients on general commercial and transactional matters. His clients include technology, media, and communications companies with considerable intellectual property assets. His practice focuses on the legal aspects of licensing and commercializing technology and intellectual property, as well as negotiating general commercial contracts. He also regularly assists clients with legal issues relating to mobile applications and social media.

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Lawrence W. Gallick

Social Links: Statehouse v. Smartphone

Federal Court Enjoins California Teen Privacy Law . . . Again

All Your Sale Are Belong to Us - Mitigating IP and Payments Risk in In-Game Economies (Part II – User-Generated Content and In-Game Payment Models)

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California’s Assembly Bill 587 Loses Key Provisions After Legal Challenge from X

<a href="http://www.theverge.com/2016/8/18/12539442/twitter-anti-harassment-tools-quality-filter-notification-settings" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Twitter took steps</a> to remedy its harassment problem.In addition, over the last six months, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/technology/twitter-suspends-accounts-extremism.html?_r=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Twitter suspended 235,000 accounts</a> that promoted terrorism.The Washington Post is using <a href="http://www.poynter.org/2016/the-washington-post-is-using-robots-to-cover-the-olympics-and-the-election/425192/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">language-generation technology</a> to automatically produce stories on the Olympics and the election.<a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/pinterest-jumps-into-video-ads-fray-1471431601" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Video ads</a> are going to start popping up on Pinterest.Does it make sense for big brands to invest in expensive, <a href="http://adage.com/article/digital/p-g-decided-facebook-ad-targeting-worth-money/305390/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">highly-targeted social media advertising</a>? Procter & Gamble doesn’t think so.These brands are <a href="http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/3-brands-using-facebook-particularly-effective-ways-during-rio-games-172992" target="_blank" rel="noopener">using Facebook in particularly effective ways</a> during the Olympic games.Since we <a href="http://www.sociallyawareblog.com/2014/10/16/new-york-family-court-magistrate-allows-unprecedented-service-of-process-via-facebook-will-others-follow/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">first reported</a> on the phenomenon nearly two years ago, Facebook has become an increasingly common <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bari-zell-weinberger-esq/getting-served-on-social-media-how-some-spouses-are-using-facebook-to-divorce_b_11403928.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">vehicle for serving divorce papers</a>.Across the country, states are grappling with the conflict between existing <a href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/08/15/states-courts-wrestle-with-allowing-ballot-selfies.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">laws that prohibit disclosing ballot information or images and the growing phenomenon of “ballot selfies”</a>—photos posted to social media of people at the polls casting their ballots or of the ballots themselves.<a href="https://contently.com/strategist/2016/08/17/publishers-brands-creating-dozens-facebook-pages/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Creating dozens of Facebook pages</a> for a single brand can help marketers to increase social-media-engagement and please the Facebook algorithm gods, according to Contenly.Here’s how Snapchat makes money from disappearing videos.A Harvard Business Review article <a href="https://hbr.org/2016/08/to-get-more-out-of-social-media-think-like-an-anthropologist" target="_blank" rel="noopener">advises marketers to start listening to</a> (as opposed to managing) conversations about their brands on social media.For intel on what it can do to keep teens’ attention, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/08/18/instagram-has-a-secret-facebook-group-just-to-talk-to-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Instagram goes straight to the source</a>.

Aaron is the chair of the firm’s Technology Transactions Group and co-chair of the Interactive + Digital Media Group. He advises clients on a wide range of complex transactions involving intellectual property and technology, including structuring and negotiating strategic licensing, development, collaboration, procurement, and distribution deals.

Aaron Rubin

Social Links: Twitter offers anti-harassment tools; Pinterest takes on video ads; P&G changes its social strategy

Twitter took steps to remedy its harassment problem. In addition, over the last six months, Twitter suspended 235,000 accounts that promoted terrorism. The Wash

Social Links: Twitter offers anti-harassment tools; Pinterest takes on video ads; P&G changes its social strategy

Facebook introduced technology that disables ad blockers used by people who visit the platform via desktop computers, but <a href="http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/08/facebook-adblock-plus-work-around" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adblock Plus has already foiled the platform’s efforts</a>, at least for now.A look at Twitter’s 10-year <a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/a-honeypot-for-assholes-inside-twitters-10-year-failure-to-s?utm_term=.fx6KOMDxrL#.ytjwx67GJ4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">failure to stop harassment</a>.Are mobile apps killing the web?<a href="http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/282274/linkedin-sues-to-shut-down-scrapers.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LinkedIn sues</a> to shut down “scrapers.”The FTC is planning to <a href="http://adage.com/article/digital/ftc-cracking-social-influencers-labeling-promotions/305345/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">police social media influencers’ paid endorsements more strictly</a>; hashtags like #ad may not be sufficient to avoid FTC scrutiny. <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d200d8c2-5fef-11e6-b38c-7b39cbb1138a.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Officials in the UK</a> are cracking down on paid posts, too.Dan Rather, <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/08/dan-rather-reporting-for-facebook/495431/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Facebook anchorman</a>.The U.S. Olympic Committee sent letters to non-sponsoring companies <a href="http://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/17120510/united-states-olympic-committee-battle-athletes-companies-sponsor-not-olympics" target="_blank" rel="noopener">warning them against posting about the games</a> on their corporate social media accounts.How IHOP keeps winning the love & affection of its 3.5 million Facebook fans.A Canadian woman whose home was designated a Pokémon Go “stop” is <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/pokemon-go-canada-class-action-lawsuit-gym-home-torrington-alberta/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">suing the app’s creators</a> for trespass and nuisance. We <a href="http://www.sociallyawareblog.com/2016/07/21/pokemon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">saw that</a> coming.There’s a website dedicated to helping Snapchat users fool their followers into thinking they’re out on the town.Facebook has been wooing premium content owners, but <a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/tv-companies-resist-facebook-video-deals-1470823203" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TV companies are reportedly resisting</a>.PETA got a <a href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160805/16593335170/primatologist-tells-court-that-macaque-monkeys-are-like-super-smart-so-they-should-totally-get-copyrights.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">primatologist to submit an amicus curiae brief</a> supporting its suit alleging a monkey who took a selfie is entitled to a copyright for the image.

Social Links: Facebook’s anti-ad-blocking software; LinkedIn’s “scraper” lawsuit; FTC’s upcoming crackdown on social influencers

Facebook introduced technology that disables ad blockers used by people who visit the platform via desktop computers, but Adblock Plus has already foiled the pl

Social Links: Facebook’s anti-ad-blocking software; LinkedIn’s “scraper” lawsuit; FTC’s upcoming crackdown on social influencers

We’re in the midst of a seismic shift in how companies interact with user-generated content (UGC).For years, companies were happy simply to host UGC on their websites, blogs and social media pages and reap the resulting boost to their traffic numbers. And U.S. law—in the form of <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/512" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Section 512(c) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA)—accommodated this passive use of UGC by creating a safe harbor from copyright damages for websites, blogs and social media platform operators that hosted UGC posted without the authorization of the owners of the copyrights in such UGC, so long as such operators complied with the requirements of the safe harbor.Increasingly, companies are no longer satisfied with passively hosting UGC. Rather, they now want to find creative ways to commercialize such content—by incorporating it into ads (including print, TV and other offline ads), creating new works based on such content and even selling such content. Yet, in moving beyond mere hosting to proactive exploitation of UGC, companies risk losing the benefit of the DMCA Section 512(c) safe harbor, which could result in potentially significant copyright liability exposure.For example, if a company finds that users are posting potentially valuable UGC to the company’s Facebook page, or on Twitter in connection with one of the company’s hashtags, that company may want to make such UGC available on its own website. The DMCA Section 512(c) safe harbor, however, is unlikely to protect the company in copying such UGC from the Facebook or Twitter platform to its own website.The reality is that any company seeking to monetize or otherwise exploit UGC needs to proceed with extreme caution. This is true for several reasons:<ul><li>UGC can implicate a wide range of rights . . . As with any content, UGC is almost certainly subject to copyright protection, although certain Tweets and other short, text-only posts could potentially be exempt from copyright protection if they qualify as “short phrases” under the Copyright Act. If any individuals are identifiable in UGC, then rights of publicity and rights of privacy may also be relevant. In addition, UGC may contain visible third-party trademarks or comments that defame or invade the privacy of third parties.</li></ul><ul><li>. . . and a wide range of rightsholders. Notably, many of the rights necessary to exploit UGC are likely to be held by individuals and corporations other than the posting user. For example, unless a photo is a “selfie,” the photographer and the subject of the photo will be different individuals, with each holding different rights—copyright, for the photographer, and the rights of publicity and privacy, for the subject—that could be relevant to the exploitation of the photo. Moreover, any trademarks, logos and other images contained in a photo could potentially implicate third-party rightsholders, including third-party corporations. Videos also raise the possibility of unauthorized clips or embedded music.</li></ul><ul><li>If the UGC is hosted by a third-party social network, it may have Terms of Service that help—or hurt—efforts to exploit the UGC. Most social media networks collect broad rights to UGC from their users, although they differ substantially when it comes to passing those rights along to third parties interested in exploiting the content. For example, if a company uses <a href="https://dev.twitter.com/overview/api" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Twitter’s Application Programming Interface (API)</a> to identify and access Tweets that it would like to republish, then Twitter <a href="https://dev.twitter.com/overview/terms/agreement-and-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">grants to that company a license</a> to “copy a reasonable amount of and display” the Tweets on the company’s own services, subject to certain limitations. (For example, Twitter currently prohibits any display of Tweets that could imply an endorsement of a product or service, absent separate permission from the user.) Instagram also has an API that provides access to UGC, but, in contrast to Twitter, <a href="https://www.instagram.com/about/legal/terms/api/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Instagram’s API terms</a> do not appear to grant any license to the UGC and affirmatively require companies to “comply with any requirements or restrictions” imposed by Instagram users on their UGC.</li></ul>With these risks in mind, we note several emerging best practices for a company to consider if it has decided to exploit UGC in ways that may fall outside the scope of DMCA Section 512(c) and other online safe harbors. Although legal risk can never be eliminated in dealing with UGC, these strategies may help to reduce such risk:<ul><li>Carefully review the Social Media Platform Terms. If the item of UGC at issue has been posted to a social media platform, determine whether the Terms of Service for such platform grants any rights to use such posted UGC off of the platform or imposes any restrictions on such content. Note, however, that any license to UGC granted by a social media platform almost certainly will not include any representations, warranties or indemnities, and so it may not offer any protection against third-party claims arising from the UGC at issue.</li></ul><ul><li>Seek Permission. If the social media platform’s governing terms don’t provide you with all of the rights needed to exploit the UGC item at issue (or even if they do), seek permission directly from the user who posted the item. Sophisticated brands will often approach a user via the commenting or private messaging features of the applicable social media platform, and will present him or her with a link to a short, user-friendly license agreement. Often, the user will be delighted by the brand’s interest in using his or her content. Of course, be aware that the party posting the content may not be the party that can authorize use of that content, <a href="http://www.sociallyawareblog.com/2013/02/15/thinking-about-using-pictures-pulled-from-twitter-think-again-new-york-court-warns/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">as Agence France Presse learned the hard way in using photos taken from Twitter</a>.</li></ul><ul><li>Make Available Terms and Conditions for “Promotional” Hashtags. If a company promotes a particular hashtag to its customers, and would like to use content that is posted in conjunction with the hashtag, the company could consider making available a short set of terms alongside its promotion of that hashtag. For example, in any communications promoting the existence of the hashtag and associated marketing campaign, the company could inform customers that their use of the hashtag will constitute permission for the company to use any content posted together with the hashtag. Such an approach could face significant enforceability issues—after all, it is essentially a form of <a href="http://www.sociallyawareblog.com/2014/09/23/to-click-or-not-to-click-ninth-circuit-rejects-browsewrap-arbitration-clause/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“browsewrap” agreement</a>—but it could provide the company with a potential defense in the event of a subsequent dispute.</li></ul><ul><li>Adopt a Curation Process. Adopt an internal curation process to identify items of UGC that are especially high risk, which could include videos, photos of celebrities, photos of children, professional-quality content, any content containing copyright notices, watermarks and so forth, and any content containing potentially defamatory, fraudulent or otherwise illegal content. Ensure that the curators are trained and equipped with checklists and other materials approved by the company’s legal department or outside counsel. Ideally, any high-risk content should be subject to the company’s most stringent approach to obtaining permission and clearing rights—or perhaps avoided altogether.</li></ul><ul><li>Adjust the Approach for High-Risk Uses. Consider the way in which the UGC at issue is expected to be used, and whether the company’s risk tolerance should be adjusted accordingly. For example, if an item of UGC will be used in a high-profile advertisement, the company may want to undertake independent diligence on any questionable aspects of the UGC, even after obtaining the posting user’s permission—or perhaps avoid any questionable UGC altogether.</li></ul>In a social media age that <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/matthew-tyson/millennials-want-brands-t_b_9032718.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">values authenticity</a>, more and more companies—even big, risk-adverse Fortune 100 companies—are interested in finding ways to leverage UGC relevant to their business, products or services. Yet the shift from merely hosting UGC to actively exploiting it raises very real legal hurdles for companies. The tips above are not a substitute for working closely with experienced social media counsel, but they collectively provide a framework for addressing legal risks in connection with a company’s efforts to commercialize UGC.*          *        *For more on the issues related to user-generated content, see <a href="http://www.sociallyawareblog.com/2016/01/14/new-court-decision-highlights-potential-headache-for-companies-hosting-user-generated-content/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">New Court Decision Highlights Potential Headache for Companies Hosting User-Generated Content</a>; <a href="http://www.sociallyawareblog.com/2014/06/24/court-holds-that-dmca-safe-harbors-do-not-extend-to-infringement-prior-to-designation-of-agent/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Court Holds That DMCA Safe Harbor Does Not Extend to Infringement Prior to Designation of Agent</a>; and <a href="http://www.sociallyawareblog.com/2013/02/15/thinking-about-using-pictures-pulled-from-twitter-think-again-new-york-court-warns/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Thinking About Using Pictures Pulled From Twitter? Think Again, New York Court Warns</a>.

Anthony Ramirez is a partner in the Technology Transactions Group in the New York office of Morrison Foerster. Anthony advises clients on general commercial and transactional matters. He regularly advises companies on the IP aspects of their M&A transactions.











Anthony Ramirez

Commercializing User-Generated Content: Five Risk Reduction Strategies