On July 19, 2018, in May, et al. v. Expedia Inc., U.S. Magistrate Judge Mark Lane issued a Report and Recommendation recommending that U.S. District Judge Robert Pitman for the Western District of Texas grant a motion to compel arbitration and dismiss a putative class action on the grounds that the plaintiff agreed to the defendants’ website’s Terms and Conditions, which contained a mandatory arbitration clause.
HomeAway User Files Putative Class Action
HomeAway is an online marketplace for vacation rental properties where property owners can list their properties for rent and travelers can book rental properties. HomeAway’s original business model was to charge owners a fee to list their properties (either on a one-year subscription or pay-per-booking basis) and to allow travelers to search and book rentals for free. HomeAway was acquired by Expedia in 2015 and changed its business model to charge travelers a fee to book rentals in mid-2016. Plaintiff James May had been a property owner who used HomeAway since 2013.
In November 2016, the plaintiff filed a putative class action against Expedia and HomeAway for breach of contract, fraud, fraudulent concealment, and Oregon and Texas state law claims based on HomeAway’s imposition of a “traveler fee” and its negative effect on owners who used HomeAway to rent properties. The defendants moved to compel the plaintiff to arbitrate his claims based on HomeAway’s 2016 Terms and Conditions, which contained a mandatory arbitration clause.
The defendants argued that the plaintiff agreed to the Terms and Conditions (and thus the arbitration clause incorporated therein) twice:
- when he renewed his HomeAway subscription in September 2016; and
- when he booked his property through HomeAway’s website in October 2016.
The plaintiff argued that he did not agree to the Terms and Conditions because:
- he renewed his HomeAway subscription in his wife’s name;
- he did not receive actual or constructive notice that he agreed to the Terms and Conditions when he clicked “Continue” during the booking process; and
- any agreement to arbitrate is illusory and unenforceable.
Following the Fifth Circuit’s 2018 decision in Arnold v. HomeAway, Inc., the parties agreed that the plaintiff’s argument that the arbitration agreement is illusory is precluded and that the only issue before the court was whether the parties entered an arbitration agreement. Magistrate Judge Lane then issued his Report and Recommendation finding the plaintiff contractually bound to the 2016 Terms and Conditions based on his subscription renewal and booking his property through HomeAway.
HomeAway User’s Assignment of Account Not Enforceable
First, the magistrate judge rejected the plaintiff’s argument that, because he had purchased the renewal subscription in his wife’s name on her behalf and with her authorization, he had not agreed to the 2016 Terms and Conditions on his own behalf. Although the plaintiff specifically renewed the subscription in his wife’s name to avoid being bound by the 2016 Terms and Conditions, he offered no legal argument or basis to show that this had any legal effect.
The 2015 Terms and Conditions expressly did not allow the plaintiff to assign the Terms and Conditions absent HomeAway’s consent, and there was no evidence that HomeAway had consented to the purported assignment from the plaintiff to his wife.
HomeAway User Was on Notice of Agreement to the Terms and Conditions
Second, the magistrate judge rejected the plaintiff’s argument that, due to the placement and typeface of the hyperlink used by HomeAway, he had no notice that he was agreeing to the 2016 Terms and Conditions when he booked his property through HomeAway’s website.
Magistrate Judge Lane distinguished the 2014 opinion in Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc., which involved a hyperlink to the terms at the bottom of a webpage and did not require any affirmative action to demonstrate the user’s agreement to the terms. In contrast, HomeAway’s website presented the user with a notice directly above the “Continue” button that informed the user that he was agreeing to the hyperlinked Terms and Conditions by clicking the button to continue. A user could not complete the transaction without clicking the “Continue” button. This was sufficient to put the plaintiff on notice that he was agreeing to the hyperlinked Terms and Conditions by continuing the transaction.
HomeAway User Equitably Estopped From Arguing Not Bound
Finally, Magistrate Judge Lane noted that, if the plaintiff was not bound by the Terms and Conditions, the plaintiff could gain all of the benefits of his HomeAway account without being bound to terms he did not want to accept. Such a result dictates that even if the plaintiff was not contractually bound, he should be equitably estopped from contending that he is not bound by the Terms and Conditions.
HomeAway Takeaway
Although Judge Pitman has not issued a final order granting or denying the motion to compel arbitration, Magistrate Judge Lane’s Report and Recommendation provides insights into how a website operator can help to ensure that its users are subject to its online contractual terms, even where a user intentionally seeks to avoid being bound by such terms.
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For more on the enforceability of online contracts, please read the following Socially Aware posts: Clickwrap, Browsewrap and Mixed Media Contracts: A Few Words Can Go a Long Way; Terms and Conditions Buried in Easily Ignored Scroll Box Don’t Cut It, the Seventh Circuit Holds; Court Upholds Enforceability of “Clickwrap” Employee Agreement, and; Three Steps to Help Ensure the Enforceability of Your Website’s Terms of Use.